P-ISSN: 3080-4124E-ISSN: 3080-4132 Publisher: Biomed Institute for Scientific Research Journal of Biosciences and Innovations ◷ Publication Model: Semi-Annual Publication A peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in biological sciences, biotechnology, environmental science, biomedical research, agricultural biotechnology, bioinformatics, and related disciplines. Submit a Manuscript Triple Blind Peer ReviewSubmission via OJSDOI Prefix: 10.64037 Google ScholarCrossrefISSNRoot IndexingOpen Access The Journal of Biosciences and Innovations (JBI) Published by BIOMED INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research in the fields of biological sciences, biotechnology, environmental science, and related disciplines. The journal serves as a platform for disseminating innovative research that explores the latest advancements in the biosciences, focusing on novel technologies, sustainable practices, and interdisciplinary approaches to address global challenges. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: Molecular biology Genomics and proteomics Biotechnology applications Environmental biosciences Biomedical research and innovations Agricultural and food biotechnology Biotechnology in health and medicine Bioinformatics and computational biology
BIOMED INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED
REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN FARM ANIMALS : A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
It has been observed that reproductive inefficiency is a major constraint to productivity, profitability and genetic progress in livestock production systems in the world. It is a literature review methodology that will examine the quantitative and qualitative evidence on the effectiveness, adoption behavior and novelty in reproductive biotechnologies in large farm animals in literature published between 2010 and 2024. According to the conceptualization of PRISMA 2020 and a convergent mixed-method design, a total of 168 moderate to high-quality studies were included with respect to the initial 2,846 records. The findings reveal that the biotechnology that is mostly applied is artificial insemination (AI) and it has a conception rate of 48-62 percent in high dairy systems and a low rate in poor performance systems. Sex-sorted semen improves the performance of female offspring (85-92) at minimal cost in terms of fertility loss. Embryo transfer and most notably in vitro embryo production (IVP) technologies have increased by leaps and bounds and currently provide the largest portion of embryo manufacturing around the globe and enable genetic gain to be expedited. The invention of the cryopreservation or rather vitrification has enhanced the survival rates of post thaw embryos. The new gene-editing technology involving the CRISPR-Cas9 is exact and promising with a high level of efficiency (35-75) of resistance to diseas and improvement of characteristics, yet its extensive application in the corporate sector is controlled and ethically prohibited. The qualitative synthesis establishes the consistent obstacles which include infrastructure, cost, expertise shortage, environmental pressures, regulatory uncertainties. All in all, the reproductive biotechnologies are an immense influence on the genetic dispersion and the productivity of production in the intensive systems, yet the reasonable effect on the planet can only be achieved upon the context-specific adaption, greater accessibility and the homogeneity of regulatory laws.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPACT OF PREOPERATIVE RISK STRATIFICATION ON SURGICAL OUTCOMES
This paper looks into the effects of preoperative risk stratification on postoperative outcomes in various surgical specialties using a mixed method experimental design. A detailed group of adult patients with elective surgery was assessed using standardized tools, such as the ASA score, RCRI index, and procedure-specific risk models. Regression modeling and composite complication indexes were used to analyze the quantitative data, such as complications, ICU requirement, readmission rates, intraoperative events, and 30-day outcomes. The findings indicated that there was a significant correlation between the increased risk groups before operations and the increased number of postoperative complications, increased hospitalization, and increased ICU utilization. Low-risk patients had much lower complication and recovery expenses. Qualitative theme analysis performed by perioperative doctors demonstrated the strong confidence in the effectiveness of the structured risk stratification aimed at improving the communication, surgical planning and patient safety, and stated the need to constantly update risk models. Joint research studies confirmed that risk classification at preoperative stages has an independent predictive value of major postoperative outcomes after the confounding factors have been taken into consideration. The researchers arrive at the conclusion that full risk stratification integration to the traditional preoperative assessment can go a long way in improving the safety of surgery, streamlining resource distribution during the perioperative phase, and predicting outcomes. The findings support the widespread application of multi-dimensional risk assessment systems and the future inclusion of predictive analytics to support clinical decisions and surgical courses of action.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shahzad Rafiq, Rabia Nasir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TUMOR HETEROGENEITY: A PATHOLOGICAL GENOMICS APPROACH
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a persistent multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by uncontrolled exacerbations and having heterogeneous clinical manifestations, which requires meticulous assessment of the activity. This research study aimed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic effectiveness of a set of molecular biomarkers; cytotokines, complement proteins, autoantibodies, and gene-expression signatures in the differentiation between active and inactive phases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The findings showed significant changes in IL-6, TNF-a, IFN-g and anti-dsDNA titer during active disease, but complement C3 and C4 were reduced tremendously indicating continued inflammation due to immune-complexes. Transcriptomic profiling revealed an augmented interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) signature, which is largely connected to flare episodes. Autoantibodies, including anti-Sm and anti-RNP, were correlated significantly with systemic and renal involvement as important to the organ-specific classification of risks. All these data points to the fact that the combination of many molecular indicators increases the accuracy of disease surveillance, allows to predict when a disease will enter a flare, and helps the treatment plan. The article highlights the potential of a biomarker-informed evaluation as one of the pillars of precision medicine in SLE treatment.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rida Naz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MOLECULAR BIOMARKERS OF DISEASE ACTIVITY IN SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS
Copyright (c) 2025 Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE MODELS FOR GERIATRIC HEALTHCARE DELIVERY IN AGING POPULATIONS
The increasing population of the aging population across the globe is exerting tremendous pressure on the healthcare systems. This implies that we should develop long-term strategies of how to deliver healthcare services to the aged. This paper will look at the effectiveness of various models of healthcare delivery tailored to the ageing population specifically focusing on increasing their accessibility, quality of care, and cost-effectiveness. Using a mixed-methods approach, we have examined the healthcare delivery systems of different locations and compared both traditional institutional models and new community-based solutions. The highlights of the results provide evidence of the importance of incorporating multidisciplinary teams, the application of technology in remote monitoring, and better carer support systems. The research also reveals the significance of the personalised care plans towards the physical and mental health needs of older adults. The results show that a hybrid paradigm that is a combination of hospital-based care with acute diseases and home-based services with chronic disease management is the best towards sustainable geriatric healthcare. Such issues as resources distribution, training of healthcare personnel, and policy implementation are also discussed. This provides a complete view of what must be done to enhance care delivery among geriatrics. These findings contribute to the discussion of the future of elderly care and provide useful recommendations to the politicians and professionals involved in the health sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ezza Fatima, Umair Saeed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
POSTOPERATIVE OUTCOMES AND RECURRENCE RATES IN GASTROINTESTINAL MALIGNANCIES
The recurrence rates and postoperative results are vital determinants in long term survival of gastrointestinal cancers. This analysis discussed the clinical conditions, recurrence and survival rate among patients who have undergone surgery due to major gastrointestinal malignancies in a multi-institutional cohort. Multivariate modeling and Kaplan-Meier estimation were used to analyze quantitative statistics, such as tumor stage, surgical margin status, lymph node involvement, recurrence intervals, the severity of comorbidities and survival measures. The results showed that the recurrence risk was high related to the tumor stage, margin positive, and lymph node burden. Early recurrence rates were the highest with pancreatic and hepatobiliary tumors, but the recurrence patterns were more protracted with colorectal malignancies. Adjuvant therapy significantly increased disease-free survival particularly in the stage III disease. Recurrence and death were associated with the severity of complications, and it was demonstrated that postoperative trajectories are complicated and have numerous faces. Combined qualitative data was used to give more background about quantitative trends and the effect of surgical complexity and tumor aggressiveness on the postoperative recovery. The paper underlines the importance of risk-stratified, individualized, and postoperative care to improve long-term outcomes in gastrointestinal cancers and provides clinical decision-making and future prognostic modeling insights.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irum Habib, Zia Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENETIC BASIS OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA IN PAKISTANI POPULATIONS
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a group of autosomal recessive disorders primarily caused by mutations in the CYP21A2 gene, leading to 21-hydroxylase deficiency and impaired cortisol synthesis. This study aimed to explore the genetic mutations underlying CAH and their correlation with clinical phenotypes in a Pakistani cohort. A total of 60 patients (38 females and 22 males) with a mean age of 7.4 years were included, and genetic analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing and MLPA. The study revealed a high consanguinity rate (76.7%), which significantly contributes to the inheritance of autosomal recessive disorders. Clinically, 56.7% of patients presented with the salt-wasting form of CAH, 33.3% with simple virilizing, and 10% with non-classic types. Genetic analysis demonstrated a heterogeneous mutation spectrum, with gene conversions (33.3%) and point mutations (30%) being the most common, followed by large deletions (25%) and small indels (11.7%). A strong genotype-phenotype correlation was observed; null mutations such as Null/Null and Null/I2G were predominantly associated with salt-wasting CAH, while milder variants like V281L were linked to non-classic presentations. These findings not only align with global mutation trends but also suggest unique mutational signatures in the Pakistani population, likely influenced by genetic isolation and high intra-community marriage rates. The study emphasizes the utility of molecular diagnostics in early detection, precise classification, and personalized treatment planning for CAH. It also highlights the importance of integrating genetic counseling and newborn screening into public health strategies to reduce diagnostic delays and improve disease management in resource-constrained environments. Overall, this research enhances the understanding of CAH’s genetic architecture in Pakistan and provides a foundation for future studies and policy interventions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Yar Mahsood , Wesam Taher Almagharbeh (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A FIELD-BASED INVESTIGATION OF NITROGEN LEACHING AND NITRATE CONTAMINATION IN GROUNDWATER FROM CONVENTIONAL FERTILIZATION PRACTICES
The indiscriminate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in intensive agriculture has led to critical environmental challenges, notably groundwater contamination and declining soil health. This study aimed to evaluate the comparative impacts of various fertilizer types—synthetic, organic, and nanochitin—on soil nitrogen dynamics, microbial activity, and nitrogen use efficiency. Field and laboratory analyses revealed that nitrate-based synthetic fertilizers significantly increased groundwater nitrate concentrations, posing ecological and health risks. In contrast, nanochitin application improved microbial biomass, enhanced enzymatic activity, maintained optimal soil pH, and minimized nitrogen losses through leaching and volatilization. Nanochitin-treated plots recorded the highest crop yield (5.6 tons/ha) and nitrogen use efficiency (62%), outperforming traditional fertilizers. Enzyme activity assays and nitrogen transformation studies indicated that microbial processes were more stable and efficient under nanochitin treatment. Visual analysis using bar plots, line graphs, and scatter plots confirmed these trends and underscored the correlation between soil acidification and nitrate leaching. This integrative research demonstrates that bio-based fertilizers like nanochitin not only enhance agronomic performance but also mitigate environmental degradation. The findings advocate for a transition towards sustainable fertilizer practices to balance productivity and ecological health in modern agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irfan Ahmad , Hafiz Muhammad Bilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INVESTIGATING SUBCLINICAL RICKETS IN URBAN PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS
Subclinical rickets, characterized by biochemical disturbances in bone metabolism without overt skeletal deformities, represents a growing but underappreciated public health issue in urban pediatric populations. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors, and biochemical markers associated with subclinical rickets among children aged 5–15 years in urban environments. A cross-sectional analysis involving dietary assessments, biochemical profiling, and imaging diagnostics was conducted on a stratified sample of 500 children. Results revealed that 42.5% of children aged 5–7 years were vitamin D deficient, with overall serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels remaining below optimal thresholds across all age groups. Children with darker skin pigmentation exhibited higher deficiency rates (65.5%) despite similar sun exposure, underscoring the role of melanin in limiting dermal vitamin D synthesis. Socioeconomic disparities were significant; children from low-income families had the lowest dietary vitamin D intake (150 IU/day), least physical activity, and the highest deficiency rate (70%). Biochemical evaluations showed elevated alkaline phosphatase (185 IU/L) and parathyroid hormone (88 pg/mL) in deficient children, indicative of increased bone turnover and secondary hyperparathyroidism. Processed and fast foods were the predominant dietary components among deficient groups, contributing minimally to micronutrient requirements. These findings demonstrate that subclinical rickets in urban children is multifactorial—rooted in biological, nutritional, and socioeconomic domains. The study highlights the necessity for early detection, public health education, and targeted interventions such as supplementation and policy-driven nutritional programs to prevent disease progression and support optimal skeletal health in childhood.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Humayun , Dr. Jawad Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES AMONG GRAZING LIVESTOCK IN MIXED FARMING SYSTEMS
Anthelmintic resistance among gastrointestinal nematodes presents a growing threat to the sustainability of livestock production, particularly in mixed farming systems where sheep, goats, and cattle graze collectively. A three-year longitudinal study with integrated diagnostic and epidemiological approach was conducted to examine prevalence, genetic basis and risk factors of anthelmintic resistance on ten farms in geographically diverse locations. Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests (FECRT) demonstrated a concerning decline of imidazothiazoles and macrocyclic lactones in several farms, and also a significantly reduced effect of benzimidazoles (mean reduction: 59%). Molecular diagnostics has identified high rates of resistance-associated mutations, most notably the F200Y variant of the beta-tubulin gene, to be highly predictive of phenotypic resistance outcomes. Coproculture studies revealed that Haemonchus contortus was the most predominant species comprising over 60 per cent of nematode populations on most of the farms contributing to the burden of resistance. Although the spatial GIS analysis identified specific resistance hotspots where intervention measures should be carried out considering region-specific factors, the logistic regression analysis indicated that a high frequency of anthelmintic treatment, lack of grazing rotation, and prior use of drugs were significant predictors of resistance (p < 0.01). The time frame in which chemotherapeutic options may be effective is becoming increasingly narrow with the dissecting fact that 40 percent of the farms possessed dual or triple-class resistance. These findings highlight the importance of having combined parasite management (IPM) approaches which marry non-chemical methods such as pasture management, strategic selective treatment and genetic selectivity of hardy breeds with careful drug use. This study, besides providing valuable information in the development of sustainable control measures needed to protect the future of mixed livestock farming systems, also provides vital, field-confirmed indications of the passionate and complex nature of anthelmintic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aftab Ahmed, Mukhtar Ahmad, Muhammad Umer Farooq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MECHANISMS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN AMPHIBIANS EXPOSED TO RAPID TEMPERATURE FLUCTUATIONS IN BREEDING HABITATS
Amphibians are increasingly exposed to rapid and unpredictable temperature fluctuations in breeding habitats due to climate change, yet the underlying mechanisms enabling phenotypic plasticity remain poorly understood. This study investigated the developmental, physiological, behavioral, and molecular responses of Rana temporaria larvae reared under three temperature regimes: constant (18°C), diel fluctuation (15–21°C), and high-amplitude thermal spikes (15–25°C). Larvae exposed to fluctuating temperatures developed significantly faster but metamorphosed at smaller sizes and exhibited reduced survival rates, particularly under thermal spikes. Metabolic assays revealed elevated basal and maximum oxygen consumption in fluctuating groups, indicating increased physiological demands, while aerobic scope remained relatively stable. Whole-body corticosterone (CORT) levels were significantly higher under thermal variability, especially in the spike group, suggesting stress-induced hormonal regulation. Gene expression analyses demonstrated pronounced upregulation of Hsp70, Dio2, and Crhbp, linking molecular stress responses and hormonal modulation to environmental variability. Behavioral assessments further revealed increased hiding, feeding latency, and activity levels in fluctuating environments, with the most intense behaviors observed under spike conditions. Collectively, these results reveal an integrative suite of plastic responses spanning morphological, endocrine, and genetic levels that enable amphibians to partially buffer the effects of temperature variability. However, the trade-offs in growth and survival underscore the potential limits of this plasticity under extreme or prolonged stress. This study provides novel empirical evidence for mechanistic plasticity in amphibians and highlights the importance of incorporating thermal variability—not just mean temperature changes—into ecological models and conservation strategies aimed at predicting amphibian responses to climate change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Zia Ur Rehman , Mashal Shahzadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PROBIOTIC-ENHANCED FEED ON IMMUNE MODULATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SWINE GUT MICROBIOTA
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) remains a major threat to swine health and production, characterized by complex etiologies involving enteric pathogens, immune immaturity, and environmental stressors. This study employed a mixed-methods experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of phytobiotic, probiotic, and combined interventions in mitigating PWD in piglets. A total of 120 piglets were randomly assigned to four groups: control, phytobiotic, probiotic, and phytobiotic-probiotic combination. Clinical monitoring revealed that the dual-treated group exhibited the most substantial improvement in average daily gain (0.58 g/day) and the lowest fecal consistency scores. Microbial analysis using qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing showed a ~70% reduction in pathogen load, particularly targeting enterotoxigenic E. coli and Clostridium perfringens. Histological assessments demonstrated the most favorable villus-to-crypt ratios and goblet cell densities in the combined treatment group. Multivariate regression confirmed treatment group, pathogen burden, and gut morphology as key predictors of diarrhea severity (p < 0.05). Thematic analysis from qualitative interviews further validated the role of contextual farm management practices in influencing outcomes. Collectively, these findings endorse a synergistic, non-antibiotic intervention strategy for effectively reducing PWD and enhancing piglet health, offering a promising alternative to conventional prophylactic treatments.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
URBAN TREE CANOPY LOSS AND THE DECLINE IN INSECT POLLINATORS: IMPACTS ON URBAN AGRICULTURE
It is highly crucial that the canopy of the tree in the urban areas avail and sustain the insect pollinators without which urban farming is unlikely to prosper. This paper examines the issue of loss of a tree cover on the population of the pollinators and the volume of harvests produced by the urban agricultural networks. The analysis was a mixed-method approach involving satellite-derived analysis of canopy, in-field pollinators surveys, environmental sensors installations, and interviews with farmers. We had collected the data of three urban regions having various covers of trees. We considered how well pollination, fruit set and crop levels were doing in insects-dependent crops. Regression analysis was done to estimate the pollinator numbers and visits per visit and canopy parameters. We also used qualitative data to perceive how much of local ecological knowledge existed using theme analysis. In locations where the canopy was eliminated, pollinator visits reduced by as much as 58 percent and yield in agriculture reduced by 41 percent. The lowest number of species was recorded in the canopy-degraded areas including the native bees and butterflies. An environmental sensor indicated that open-space areas experienced high temperatures and poor humidity, therefore, uninhabitable. According to the farmers, they still needed to engage in more manual pollination and were poorer in terms of food security. The meta-analysis revealed strong relationships between canopy decrease, the ecological instability, and decrease in productive agricultural systems. Disappearing of trees canopies in urban areas is also linked to the destruction of insect pollinators and low farm productivity. To reduce such impacts, urban design techniques ought to consist of safeguarding trees, designing landscapes favorable to pollinators, and ensuring that agricultural lands in their entirety are ecologically linked with one another.
BIOAEROSOL EXPOSURE IN FARMING COMMUNITIES: EFFECTS ON RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY AND REHABILITATION NEEDS
Bioaerosol exposure (a not very popular occupational hazard, which shows up in farming communities rather frequently), is also a rather nasty thing to have in your lungs. This research examines the physical consequence of the prolonged exposure and efficiency of rehabilitation programs in the rural farming community. Three hundred farmworkers who had been working in a region with high abundance of bioaerosols were subjected to mixed-method experimental design. Quantitative characterization included microbiological air sampling, spirometry and biomarker profiling of IL-8, TNF-alpha. Structured interviews were the source of qualitative information. The level of functioning of the lungs and the efficiency of the rehabilitation was studied in a follow-up at a period of six months. The exposed participants revealed a significant decrease in FEV 1 and FVC by 18.4 and 15.2 percent, and they experienced a rise in IL-8 and TNF-alpha. Exposures associated with occupational roles that involved contact with livestock particularly were associated with higher levels of microbes and poorer lung conditions. During the successful completion of rehabilitation, there was a 32 percent increase in breathing and the most rewarding programs were sponsored by the community. Visual forms of data represented that there were interconnections between the intensity of symptoms, exposure intensity, and the inflammatory response. Interviews raised issues of care-seeking availability, distance and money issues in the majority of cases. Bioaerosol is a continuous exposure to people working on farms and it may lead to severe respiratory diseases. Yet, early rehabilitation and special public health programs can have a significant difference. This research reveals the significance of the possibility of government-provided surveillance, preventive care, and rehabilitation on the community level to the at-risk rural workers.
Copyright (c) 2024 Rabia Nasir, Faran Muhammad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF VARIOUS AGROWASTE DERIVED COMPOSTS ON SOIL AGGREGATE SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STABILITY
The application of organic amendments derived from agricultural waste offers a sustainable method to improving soil structure and fertility. This study evaluated the effects of various agrowaste-derived composts i.e., vegetable wastes compost, fruit Vegetable waste compost, fruit wastes compost, wheat straw compost and sugarcane baggasse compost—on soil aggregate size distribution, mean weight diameter (MWD), aggregate stability index (ASI), and key soil chemical properties. A completely randomized design was employed with five treatments, including a control, under laboratory conditions. The results showed that all compost treatments significantly enhanced macroaggregate (>2.0 mm) formation and reduced microaggregate (<0.25 mm) fractions compared to the control. The highest MWD (1.15 ± 0.03 mm) and ASI (65.2 ± 1.0%) were recorded in the mixed compost treatment, indicating superior soil structural stability. Compost application also significantly increased soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus, while moderating soil pH and electrical conductivity within optimal ranges. The mixed compost consistently outperformed single-source composts across all parameters, likely due to its diverse nutrient profile and greater stimulation of microbial activity. These findings underscore the potential of diversified compost formulations to enhance both physical and chemical soil health. Incorporating such composts into soil management practices can improve soil resilience, nutrient availability, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
SALT TOLERANCE MECHANISMS IN HALOPHYTES: A TRANSCRIPTOMIC AND IONOMIC ANALYSIS
The salt stress is a major issue in the agricultural production globally due to its reduced effect on the crops in arid and semi-arid regions. Halophytes This group of plants naturally tolerates salt, which makes them an exemplary model to examine how the formation of molecules and physiology of plants make them man tolerant of salt. In this work we applied an integrative transcriptome and ionomic approach to determine how certain halophyte species can withstand salt. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed up-regulation of essential genes that are involved in the transport of ions i.e., HKT1, NHX1, and SOS1. Temp, these genes play the role in Na+ efflux and vacuolar sequestration. Concurrently, there was a great expression of genes assisting in the process of detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as SOD, APX and CAT. This is an indication that the body was already putting efforts into promoting low-oxidative-stress. ICP-MS Ionomic study confirmed the selective patterns of accumulation and higher K + /Na + ratios in root and shoot. Such indicates that ion homeostasis is being regulated very precisely. The point we must remember is that calcium and magnesium ions did not stay same also and this explains the vital role of these components in signalling and maintaining cells under stable conditions in case of the salt pressure. The gene expression and ion concentration profiles correlation allows the suggestion that halophytes have a tiered defence system. These findings provide us with useful data on the interaction of ionomics and transcriptomics and identifies potential genetic targets to create crop types capable of tolerating salt. The discovery supplements to our knowledge concerning the biology of abiotic stress and provides us with a method that we can use to test the crop improvement in salty environments which can be applied on broad basis.
APPLICATION OF DEEP LEARNING IN CANCER PROGNOSIS: PREDICTING TUMOR PROGRESSION, RECURRENCE, AND PATIENT OUTCOMES USING MULTI-OMICS DATA
From multi-omics data, deep learning determined the prediction of tumor development, recurrence, and patient outcomes and, thus, revolutionized cancer prognosis. With next-generation sequencing and advanced imaging technologies, multi-omics data now provide a unique opportunity to increase predictive accuracy. This review evaluates the impact of deep-learning models on cancer prognosis and their application with several architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs), in genomics, transcriptomics, and clinical data. It ends with an overview of the developments, challenges, and prospects in the AI-driven context for precision oncology.
HARNESSING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE FOR EARLY DETECTION AND DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER: INTEGRATING IMAGING, GENOMICS, AND CLINICAL DATA FOR PRECISION ONCOLOGY
AI integration in oncology revolutionized early cancer detection using imaging, genomics, and clinical data. Diagnostics are bettered by AI models and thereby reduce human error while also promoting good patient outcomes by way of precision medicine. Machine learning algorithms pick up subtle indications of malignancy in radiology and histopathology images, whereas deep learning algorithms analyze genomic data for early diagnosis-related biomarkers. Combining AI and clinical data empowers predictive analytics and personalized treatment approaches. However, challenges such as data standardization, ethical issues, and interpretability of the models still loom. This review takes an overarching look at how AI is working to promote early cancer detection while focusing on recent advances, challenges, and future research propositions regarding precision oncology.
THE ROLE OF AUTOPHAGY IN THE PROGRESSION OF AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS (ALS): POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION AND DISEASE MODULATION
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in a progressive manner. Disturbance in cellular homeostasis, especially by disturbed protein degradation, is vital to the pathogenesis of ALS. Autophagy is an important intracellular degradation mechanism to remove protein aggregates and damaged organelles from neurons. Autophagy dysfunction in ALS has been associated with genetic mutations, mitochondrial dysfunction, and proteostasis failure. We explore the mechanistic importance of autophagy in ALS progression, suggest autophagy-targeting therapeutic approaches, and envisage the future research directions to augment the efficacy of treatment in this review.
THE ROLE OF GUT MICROBIOTA IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF PARKINSON’S DISEASE: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TARGETED THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. Considerable evidence now implicates the gut microbiota (GM) as being very important in its causation. The gut-brain axis-the bidirectional communication between the gut and the central nervous system-is said to be involved in the neuroinflammation, α-synuclein aggregation, and intestinal permeability that facilitate PD onset and progression. Studies establish that gut dysbiosis-the change in the composition of the gut microbiota that is likely to be less favorable to the health of the person-due to a decrease in the number of beneficial SCFA-producing bacteria, with compensatory increase in those whose action is more pro-inflammatory-is related to the severity of PD. Changes in the composition of gut microbiota may also qualify as important biomarkers in early diagnosis of PD, while other interventions aimed at enhancing the composition of the microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, dietary changes, and fecal microbiota transplantation are promising in their utility in modulating the course of the disease. Our understanding of the complex interplay of the gut microbiota and PD pathophysiology may enable us to develop new diagnostic products and microbiota-targeted therapeutic strategies.
ADVANCES IN PRECISION MEDICINE FOR TYPE 2 DIABETES: INTEGRATING GENOMIC, EPIGENETIC, AND METABOLOMIC DATA FOR PERSONALIZED THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global health problem that has heterogeneous disease progression and response to therapy. Precision medicine using multi-omics data such as genomics, epigenetics, and metabolomics is promising for the development of customized therapies. The present review examines these omic technologies in integration, particularly in stratifying patients, discovering biomarkers, and optimizing treatment. Highlighting advances in pharmacogenomics, pharmacometabolomics, and pharmacoepigenomics in the integration of those data for T2D patients, its applications face limitations, including standards for data, among others ethical issues. Notwithstanding, precision medicine sounds to be a revolutionized approach to application with respect to T2D management when interventions are tailored to specific interventions based on the possible profiles that individuals were known molecularly.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Rehan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0