REPRODUCTIVE BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN FARM ANIMALS : A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstract

It has been observed that reproductive inefficiency is a major constraint to productivity, profitability and genetic progress in livestock production systems in the world. It is a literature review methodology that will examine the quantitative and qualitative evidence on the effectiveness, adoption behavior and novelty in reproductive biotechnologies in large farm animals in literature published between 2010 and 2024. According to the conceptualization of PRISMA 2020 and a convergent mixed-method design, a total of 168 moderate to high-quality studies were included with respect to the initial 2,846 records. The findings reveal that the biotechnology that is mostly applied is artificial insemination (AI) and it has a conception rate of 48-62 percent in high dairy systems and a low rate in poor performance systems. Sex-sorted semen improves the performance of female offspring (85-92) at minimal cost in terms of fertility loss. Embryo transfer and most notably in vitro embryo production (IVP) technologies have increased by leaps and bounds and currently provide the largest portion of embryo manufacturing around the globe and enable genetic gain to be expedited. The invention of the cryopreservation or rather vitrification has enhanced the survival rates of post thaw embryos. The new gene-editing technology involving the CRISPR-Cas9 is exact and promising with a high level of efficiency (35-75) of resistance to diseas and improvement of characteristics, yet its extensive application in the corporate sector is controlled and ethically prohibited. The qualitative synthesis establishes the consistent obstacles which include infrastructure, cost, expertise shortage, environmental pressures, regulatory uncertainties. All in all, the reproductive biotechnologies are an immense influence on the genetic dispersion and the productivity of production in the intensive systems, yet the reasonable effect on the planet can only be achieved upon the context-specific adaption, greater accessibility and the homogeneity of regulatory laws.